What Is WebSocket? The Technology Behind Real-Time Applications

You send a message on WhatsApp and the other person sees it instantly. Prices in a stock trading app update continuously. In a multiplayer game, your opponent's every move appears on your screen in real time.

Behind all of these is the same question: how does the server notify the client when something happens? With HTTP, solving this problem turns out to be much harder than expected.

HTTP's Real-Time Problem

HTTP works on a request-response model. The client asks, the server answers. The server can't send anything to the client on its own — it always has to wait for the client to ask.

The first solution developed for real-time data needs was polling: the client would ask the server at regular intervals "is there anything new?"

// Bad solution: Polling
setInterval(async () => {
    const response = await fetch("/api/messages/new");
    const messages = await response.json();
    if (messages.length > 0) displayMessages(messages);
}, 1000); // Ask every second

The problem is obvious: with 10,000 users, that's 10,000 requests per second. Most responses are empty. Server under load, high latency, wasted bandwidth.

Long polling was smarter: the client sends a request, the server holds the connection open until new data arrives, responds when data comes, and the client immediately sends a new request.

// Better but still not ideal: Long Polling
async function longPoll() {
    const response = await fetch("/api/messages/wait");
    const messages = await response.json();
    displayMessages(messages);
    longPoll(); // Immediately send new request
}

Fewer empty responses, but still a new HTTP connection for every message. The TCP handshake cost is paid every time.

WebSocket: A Persistent Connection

WebSocket establishes a single persistent connection between client and server. Once the connection is established, either side can send data whenever it wants. No extra overhead, no polling, no repeatedly establishing connections.

A WebSocket connection starts with the HTTP upgrade mechanism:

GET /chat HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13

If the server accepts:

HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=

101 — Switching Protocols. This connection no longer runs on HTTP, it runs on the WebSocket protocol. Either side can send messages whenever it wants.

Using WebSocket in the Browser

// Establish connection
const ws = new WebSocket("wss://example.com/chat");

// When connection opens
ws.addEventListener("open", () => {
    console.log("Connection established");
    ws.send(JSON.stringify({
        type: "join",
        room: "general",
        username: "john"
    }));
});

// When message arrives
ws.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
    const data = JSON.parse(event.data);

    switch (data.type) {
        case "message":
            displayMessage(data);
            break;
        case "user_joined":
            showNotification(`${data.username} joined the room`);
            break;
        case "typing":
            showTypingIndicator(data.username);
            break;
    }
});

// When connection closes
ws.addEventListener("close", (event) => {
    console.log(`Connection closed: ${event.code} - ${event.reason}`);
    setTimeout(reconnect, 3000);
});

// Send a message
function sendMessage(text) {
    if (ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
        ws.send(JSON.stringify({
            type: "message",
            text,
            timestamp: Date.now()
        }));
    }
}

WebSocket Server with Node.js

import { WebSocketServer } from "ws";

const wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: 8080 });

const rooms = new Map();

wss.on("connection", (ws) => {
    ws.isAlive = true;

    ws.on("message", (rawData) => {
        const data = JSON.parse(rawData);

        switch (data.type) {
            case "join":    handleJoin(ws, data);    break;
            case "message": handleMessage(ws, data); break;
            case "typing":  handleTyping(ws, data);  break;
        }
    });

    ws.on("close", () => handleDisconnect(ws));
    ws.on("pong", () => { ws.isAlive = true; });
});

function handleJoin(ws, data) {
    ws.username = data.username;
    ws.room = data.room;

    if (!rooms.has(data.room)) rooms.set(data.room, new Set());
    rooms.get(data.room).add(ws);

    broadcast(data.room, { type: "user_joined", username: data.username }, ws);
}

function handleMessage(ws, data) {
    broadcast(ws.room, {
        type: "message",
        username: ws.username,
        text: data.text,
        timestamp: Date.now()
    });
}

function broadcast(room, data, exclude = null) {
    const clients = rooms.get(room) || new Set();
    const message = JSON.stringify(data);

    clients.forEach(client => {
        if (client !== exclude && client.readyState === 1) {
            client.send(message);
        }
    });
}

// Heartbeat: clean up dead connections
setInterval(() => {
    wss.clients.forEach(ws => {
        if (!ws.isAlive) return ws.terminate();
        ws.isAlive = false;
        ws.ping();
    });
}, 30000);

Scaling: Multiple Servers

When a single server isn't enough, a problem emerges: a user connected to server A can't message a user connected to server B. The solution: a pub/sub system.

import { createClient } from "redis";

const publisher = createClient();
const subscriber = createClient();

await publisher.connect();
await subscriber.connect();

function handleMessage(ws, data) {
    publisher.publish("chat:general", JSON.stringify({
        type: "message",
        username: ws.username,
        text: data.text
    }));
}

subscriber.subscribe("chat:general", (message) => {
    localClients.forEach(client => {
        if (client.readyState === 1) client.send(message);
    });
});

Every server listens to the Redis channel. Regardless of which server a user is connected to, all users receive the message.

WebSocket vs Server-Sent Events

WebSocket isn't always the right tool. Server-Sent Events (SSE) is a simpler alternative for one-way data flow from server to client.

SSE works over standard HTTP, supports automatic reconnect, and has excellent browser support. But sending data from client to server requires a separate HTTP request.

Use WebSocket: Bidirectional real-time communication. Chat, games, collaboration tools.

Use SSE: One-way streaming. Live notifications, news feed, progress bars, log streaming.

Understanding WebSocket is understanding how real-time systems work. From chat to live collaboration tools, from games to financial platforms — the power of a persistent connection is everywhere.